In a region marked by political turbulence and sporadic outbreaks of conflict, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has consistently demonstrated its commitment to maintaining stability and peace. This commitment has often taken the form of military interventions and peacekeeping efforts to resolve crises within member nations. The recent coup in Niger, which marked the fifth successful coup in West Africa since 2020, again highlighted ECOWAS’s role in promoting regional stability and democracy.

On July 26, the presidential guard of Niger ousted President Mohamed Bazoum in a coup, further destabilizing the country and raising concerns about the prospects for democracy. This event prompted ECOWAS to respond swiftly, imposing sanctions on Niger and issuing a one-week ultimatum to the interim military government: reinstate President Bazoum or face the possibility of a military intervention. While this ultimatum is currently being deliberated, ECOWAS’s history of interventions underscores its determination to uphold democratic values and peace within the region.

A Legacy of Intervention

ECOWAS’s involvement in conflict resolution dates back to the early 1990s, when it established the ECOWAS Ceasefire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) to address the civil war in Liberia. Since then, ECOWAS has intervened in several key crises, each with the goal of restoring peace, stability, and democratic governance. Notable interventions include:

Liberia (1990s): The civil war in Liberia prompted ECOWAS to deploy the ECOMOG, consisting of troops contributed by member states such as Nigeria, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, and Sierra Leone. While controversial due to human rights violations committed by some personnel, ECOMOG’s presence played a crucial role in securing peace in the country.

Sierra Leone (1997-2000s): ECOWAS played a significant role in peacekeeping efforts in Sierra Leone, contributing troops to the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) and aiding the restoration of order after years of civil conflict.

Côte d’Ivoire (2002): During the civil conflict in Côte d’Ivoire, ECOWAS supported peacekeeping efforts by deploying troops as part of the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI).

Mali (2013-ongoing): Following a coup and the rise of extremist groups, ECOWAS participated in stabilizing Mali through the African-led International Support Mission to Mali (AFISMA), later integrated into the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA).

The Gambia (2017): ECOWAS intervened militarily to resolve a political crisis in The Gambia when then-President Yahya Jammeh refused to step down after losing an election. The mission, codenamed “Operation Restore Democracy,” facilitated a peaceful transition of power.

Burkina Faso (2020s): While military interventions have been less prominent, ECOWAS has actively engaged in diplomatic efforts to address political and security challenges in Burkina Faso.

Promoting Peace and Democracy

ECOWAS’s history of interventions underscores its commitment to preserving peace, stability, and democratic governance within its member nations. Through its military arm, ECOMOG, and in collaboration with international partners, ECOWAS has repeatedly demonstrated its determination to resolve crises and promote the rule of law. While interventions have sometimes been met with controversy and challenges, the organization’s persistence in maintaining regional stability remains unwavering.

As the situation in Niger unfolds, the ultimatum issued by ECOWAS serves as a testament to the organization’s dedication to upholding democratic principles and ensuring that political transitions occur peacefully and in accordance with the will of the people. The outcome of this ultimatum will likely shape not only Niger’s future but also the region’s ongoing struggle for stability and democratic governance.